Eating pomegranates or drinking pomegranate juice may help prevent and slow the growth of some types of breast cancer. A new study shows a group of phytochemicals called ellagitannins found in abundance in pomegranates inhibited the growth of estrogen-responsive breast cancer in laboratory tests.

The abstract of the study says “Estrogen stimulates the proliferation of breast cancer cells and the growth of estrogen-responsive tumors. The aromatase enzyme, which converts androgen to estrogen, plays a key role in breast carcinogenesis. The pomegranate fruit, a rich source of ellagitannins (ET), has attracted recent attention due to its anticancer and antiatherosclerotic properties. On consumption, pomegranate ETs hydrolyze, releasing ellagic acid, which is then converted to 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one (“urolithin”) derivatives by gut microflora. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antiaromatase activity and inhibition of testosterone-induced breast cancer cell proliferation by ET-derived compounds isolated from pomegranates. A panel of 10 ET-derived compounds including ellagic acid, gallagic acid, and urolithins A and B (and their acetylated, methylated, and sulfated analogues prepared in our laboratory) were examined for their ability to inhibit aromatase activity and testosterone-induced breast cancer cell proliferation. Using a microsomal aromatase assay, we screened the panel of ET-derived compounds and identified six with antiaromatase activity. Among these, urolithin B (UB) was shown to most effectively inhibit aromatase activity in a live cell assay. Kinetic analysis of UB showed mixed inhibition, suggesting more than one inhibitory mechanism. Proliferation assays also determined that UB significantly inhibited testosterone-induced MCF-7aro cell proliferation. The remaining test compounds also exhibited antiproliferative activity, but to a lesser degree than UB. These studies suggest that pomegranate ET–derived compounds have potential for the prevention of estrogen-responsive breast cancers.”

Researchers say the ellagitannins in pomegranates work by inhibiting aromatase, which is a key enzyme used by the body to make estrogen and plays a key role in breast cancer growth.

“We were surprised by our findings,” Chen says. “We previously found other fruits, such as grapes, to be capable of the inhibition of aromatase. But phytochemicals in pomegranates and in grapes are different.”

Researchers say pomegranates have recently been hailed for their potential anti-cancer and heart healthy benefits thanks to their high antioxidant content. But they say this is the first study to look at their effects on aromatase and breast cancer growth.

In the study, published in Cancer Prevention Research, researchers examined the impact of 10 ellagitannin-derived compounds from pomegranates on aromatase activity and breast cancer cell growth in laboratory tests.

The results showed that of those 10 compounds, urolithin B most significantly inhibited breast cancer cell growth.

Experts say further studies will be needed to determine whether eating or drinking pomegranate-derived products will have the same effect in humans, but these results are promising.

“More research on the individual components and the combination of chemicals is needed to understand the potential risks and benefits of using pomegranate juice or isolated compounds for a health benefit or for cancer prevention,” Powel Brown, MD, PhD, chairman of the clinical cancer prevention department at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Brown was not associated with the study.

Until then, researchers say people may consider eating more pomegranates to protect against cancer in the breast and perhaps other tissues and organs.

The FDA today approved Cervarix, a new vaccine to prevent cervical cancer and precancerous lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18. The vaccine is approved for use in girls and women ages 10 years through 25 years.

Genital HPV infections are the most common sexually-transmitted diseases in the United States, and HPV types 16 and 18 are the cause of about 70 percent of cervical cancers worldwide. There will be an estimated 11,270 new cases and 4,070 deaths from cervical cancer in the United States during 2009, according to the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health.

“The licensure of Cervarix adds another option in the prevention of cervical cancer” said Karen Midthun, M.D., acting director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. “It has the potential to save lives from cervical cancer as well as reduce the need for biopsies and invasive procedures associated with the necessary follow-up from abnormal Pap tests.”

The primary clinical study for Cervarix included more than 18,000 women ages 15 years through 25 years in the United States and 11 other countries. Of these women, about 9,000 received Cervarix and 9,000 received Havrix, a licensed hepatitis A virus vaccine, as a control.

The results showed that among women who had not already been infected by HPV types 16 and/or 18 before the start of the study, Cervarix was about 93 percent effective in preventing precancerous cervical lesions caused by these HPV types. Among all Cervarix vaccinees, which included those who tested negative for HPV 16 and/or 18, and those who tested positive at the start of the study, Cervarix was approximately 53 percent effective in preventing precancerous cervical lesions.

Studies also were performed to measure the immune response to Cervarix in girls ages 10 years through 14 years. Their immune response was similar to that of women ages 15 years through 25 years, indicating that the vaccine should have similar effectiveness in the 10 through 14 year age group.

The current data show that Cervarix provides protection for about 6.4 years, but additional information on the length of protection is forthcoming.

No vaccine is 100 percent effective, and Cervarix does not protect against HPV infections that an individual may already have at the time of vaccination, nor does Cervarix necessarily protect against those HPV types not in the vaccine. Therefore, regular Pap tests continue to be recommended for all women who receive Cervarix. Pap screening remains critically important to detect precancerous changes, which would allow treatment before cancer develops.

Cervarix contains the adjuvant ASO4. ASO4 is a combination of aluminum hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and is the first vaccine licensed by the FDA that includes MPL as an adjuvant. An adjuvant is a substance incorporated into a vaccine that enhances or directs the immune response of the vaccinated individual.

The safety of the vaccine was evaluated in about 24,000 girls and women, with about 13,000 of these receiving Cervarix. The most commonly reported adverse reactions in the Cervarix group included pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site, fatigue, headache, muscle and joint aches, and gastrointestinal distress.

Although Cervarix is not indicated for pregnant women, the FDA is requiring the manufacturer, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals to conduct a postmarketing study to assess the safety of Cervarix in pregnant women following vaccination prior to identification of pregnancy. Women who are pregnant, or think that they may be pregnant, or plan to become pregnant during the vaccination course, should not use Cervarix.

Cervarix is administered in three separate shots, with the initial dose being followed by two additional shots at one and six months.

Cervarix is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, based in the United Kingdom.

A group of 3,020 people aged 65 and older were selected. Of this group, 164 people already had Alzheimer’s disease and 522 people already had a cancer diagnosis. Researchers tracked the group for an average of five years to see whether they developed dementia and an average of eight years to see whether they developed cancer.

The 164 people with Alzheimer’s were found to be 69 percent less likely to undergo hospitalization for cancer during the study period.

The 522 people who had cancer were 43 percent less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease over the course of the study period.

While the reasons for these results are not clear the connection between the two may prove to be significant. Catherine Roe from Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, had this to say about the results of the study: “Discovering the links between these two conditions may help us better understand both diseases and open up avenues for possible treatments.”

More in depth studies into the correlation are planned.

Women who took a commonly used class of osteoporosis drugs called bisphosphonates had significantly fewer invasive breast cancers than women not using the bone-strengthening pills, according to a new analysis of data from the Women’s Health Initiative.

The analysis from a segment of the more than 150,000 generally healthy post-menopausal women in the WHI study found that those taking Merck & Co’s Fosamax, or other bisphosphonates, had 32 percent fewer cases of invasive breast cancer than women who did not use the osteoporosis medicines, researchers found.

Fosamax is now available in generic form as alendronate. Other commonly used medicines from the class include Roche’s Boniva and Actonel, which is sold by Procter & Gamble Co.

“The idea that bisphosphonates could reduce breast cancer incidence is very exciting because there are about 30 million prescriptions for these agents written annually in the United States targeting bone health, and more could easily be used to counteract both osteoporosis and breast cancer,” Dr. Rowan Chlebowski, the study’s lead investigator and chief oncologist from the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, said in a statement.

It was the landmark WHI research program that in 2002 found a link between long-term use of hormone replacement therapy by post-menopausal women and increased risk of breast cancer and heart attacks – findings that have been used as the basis for thousands of lawsuits against the makers of those drugs.

The latest findings from the observational study were presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium on Thursday.

The impetus for looking at the connection between bisphosphonates and breast cancer came from data from a clinical trial in which breast cancer patients who were given Novartis’ bisphosphonate Zometa intravenously every six months had fewer contralateral breast cancers, Chlebowski explained.

“It appeared to make bone less hospitable to breast cancer,” Chlebowski said.

Contralateral breast cancer is typically a second new case of cancer in the other breast, rather than the spread of the originally detected breast cancer. Studying 2,816 participants who were using bisphosphonates when they entered the WHI program, researchers found that only 64 women developed breast cancer. That translates into 32 percent fewer breast cancers in women using bisphosphonates compared with women who did not use them, researchers said.

Researchers cautioned that this was an observational study that does not necessarily carry the same scientific weight as a blinded clinical trial.

However, they said, several ongoing breast cancer trials evaluating oral and intravenous bisphosphonates will be available in the near future to provide randomized clinical trial evidence regarding their influence on new contralateral breast cancer risk.

“This is not a definitive finding,” Chlebowski said in an interview. “But I think it could influence the decision making of women who are deciding whether to take a bisphosphonate or not.”

Cancer experts fear new U.S. breast imaging guidelines that recommend against routine screening mammograms for women in their 40s may have their roots in the current drive in Washington to reform healthcare.

Critics of the guidelines, issued on Monday by the U.S. Services Task Force, an independent panel sponsored by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Quality, say the new guidelines are a step backward and will lead to more cancer deaths.

Here are some of their concerns.

• Dr Carol Lee, chairwoman of the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Commission, said she fears insurers — both private and public — will use them to pare back health costs.

“These new recommendations seem to reflect a conscious decision to ration care,” Lee said in a statement. She said since the onset of regular mammogram screening in 1990, the death rate from breast cancer, which had been unchanged for the preceding 50 years, has decreased by 30 percent.

• Dr Len Lichtenfeld, deputy chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society, said the influential group will not change recommendations for routine mammograms for women starting at age 40.

But he is worried that women will become so confused by the conflicting recommendations they will stop getting mammograms altogether. “Frankly, from our point of view that would be the worst possible outcome,” Lichtenfeld said in a telephone interview.

• Lichtenfeld and other doctors are worried that insurance companies and government insurers will seize on the recommendations as a way to control rising health costs.

“What is going to happen is insurers are going to say, ‘The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force doesn’t support screening. We’re not going to pay for it,’” said Dr Daniel Kopans, professor of radiology at Harvard Medical School and a senior radiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

“There were no new data to assess. One has to wonder why these new guidelines are being promulgated at a time when healthcare is under discussion and I am afraid their decision is related to saving money rather than saving lives,” Kopans said.

• “The USPSTF recommendations are a step backward and represent a significant harm to women’s health,” Dr W. Phil Evans, president of the Society of Breast Imaging, said in a statement.

“At least 40 percent of the lives saved by mammographic screening are of women aged 40-49. These recommendations are inconsistent with current science and apparently have been developed in an attempt to reduce costs. Unfortunately, many women may pay for this unsound approach with their lives.”

Cancer or the ‘Big C’, as it is fearfully referred to, is no longer considered a death sentence. The number of individuals who have survived cancer has considerably increased over the years. Certain adult cancers have a survival rate of 70% or more, while a few childhood cancers may boast of a greater cure rate.

Surviving cancer requires a great deal of strength, endurance and courage. While cancer can change lives for ever, it can also be viewed as an experience that may help an individual to grow in different ways. Appreciation of self and others is at the centre of this change and,in this context, cancer survivors learn to acknowledge their bodies and their health in a better way. It will be important for them to appreciate the new lease of life and to take better care of themselves, in all ways possible.

Most often treatments like radiation, chemotherapy and surgery are required to bring cancer under control; nevertheless, the root cause is never addressed. Besides, these treatments exhaust the patients and mar their quality of life. This is where naturopathy can help to bring relief from the ‘body–racking’ side effects and to restore the individual’s overall health.

Naturopathy is a complimentary branch of medicine that makes use of natural and safe therapies. It upholds detoxification as the first step towards recovery from cancer. Naturopathy recommends 5 natural steps, which are dealt with in the following sessions.

Stage 1 – Toxic Lifestyle

If fully / highly toxic, you need to get de- numbed,as toxicity often leaves people numb towards their reactions to the world.

• If you are smoking, work on stopping that habit.
• Avoid excessive alcohol /coffee consumption. These overload your liver
• Ensure enough sleep everyday
• Exercise regularly

Stage 2 – Healthy Eating

More attention must be paid to what you eat.

• Go for a fruit/ vegetable- rich diet. By adding more vegetables and fruits, you are giving your body fiber for detoxification and necessary nutrients for both detoxification and healing.
• Water is the medium that transports toxins out of the body and nutrients into the elimination organs.
• Most meat are full of antibiotics, hormones and pesticides, due to the manner in which they are bred and grown. Besides, the meat also contains stress chemicals secreted by the animals while being slaughtered.
• Allergens place the body in a constant fighting state; by definition, allergens are foreign substances that the body rejects. When your body constantly wastes energy fighting allergens, its energy stores will be depleted when time to heal or detoxify arrives.
• Avoid alcohol, coffee and regular tea; these will only help to over-load your liver (the major elimination organ).
• Avoid condiments sauces, mustard, ketchup, Worcester sauce, MSG, steak, BBQ, chili shrimp and soy sauce, pickled vegetables, relishes, salad dressings (unless homemade).

These will affect the liver and the kidneys, therefore slowly shutting down all your elimination apparatus.

Stage 3 – Organ Repair

This stage involves repair done to the 2 major detoxification organs which are affected by the medical procedures involved in treating cancer.

The liver, besides many other functions, is responsible for breaking down medications (anesthetics, chemotherapeutic, drugs, radiation effects, etc.). Once the liver gets clogged, it cannot continue detoxifying the body of all the remaining toxins.

The best way to balance and rejuvenate the liver is through 2 phases:

• By draining or cleaning up its toxins
• By strengthening and boosting its powers through Supportive Therapy.

The body’s ability to protect itself from toxic substances and the body’s ability to heal are both dependent on the integrity of the intestinal lining. Allopathic treatments often lead to intestinal damage, like increased intestinal permeability, thereby allowing increased absorption of pathogens, allergens and toxins. This process results in putting more stress on the immune system, decreasing its ability to focus on healing.

The intestinal damage is corrected in 2 stages:

• Eliminate/ clean up all pathogens (yeast, pesticides, pathogenic bacteria, etc.) and also all the damage caused by allopathic treatments.
• Restore the normal, friendly bowel flora

Once these stages are completed, you need to re- evaluate your medications for symptoms such as pain or depression.

Are they all necessary?

Remember: Drugs are chemicals that need to be metabolized by the liver; they cause side effects because the end products of their metabolism are toxins.

One example of over -prescribed medications are antibiotics.

Considering that most infections are viral, antibiotics are none other than toxins!, There are many natural alternatives(homeopathics, herbs, nutritional supplements), that work by addressing the cause of your problem.

Eliminating Toxins -Stage 4.

This stage of your natural recovery involves preparation of emunctories (=elimination organs). Before pouring toxins out of the cells into the blood, the patient must “open the gates “; so the toxins will leave the body completely.

If the toxins continue being circulated in the blood, they cause degeneration, or get deposited in fat tissues.

Restoring Detox Organs- Stage 5

Restoring the liver and the intestine may be done by re directing toxin elimination through the skin rather than through the usual route

In this stage, it must be ensured that the elimination organs are strong enough to handle all toxicity and that they continue keeping up with the body’s demands.

The best way to support the major detoxification organs is:

• By giving them a rest. This can be done by re- directing toxin elimination through the skin rather than the usual route.
• Saunas, sweat inducing exercises (aerobic) and niacin therapyare some methods by which this can be achieved.
• Another way of “resting” your digestive elimination organs is by mimicking a fast. Digestive enzymes will help you digest without the digestive organs actually working very hard.
• By using supportive supplementation – including fibre, vitamin C , chlorophyll, other anti-oxidants and different herbs such as garlic, red clover, cayenne.

Detoxification is your first step towards cancer recovery. As a cancer survivor, remember you are a winner already! Keep going and enjoy life!

The fabulous five are research superstars

The British journal Acta Pharmacalagia Sinica, reports a study by the Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group at the University of Leicester in the UK. Researchers noted that intake of these phytochemical compounds is typically studied in artificial (in vitro) environments using high-dose single treatments. However, in humans (in vivo) the exposure to the compounds is persistent low-doses. They designed their study to reflect human exposure by investigating anti-tumor activity of these five phytochemicals in breast cancer cells exposed in long-term culture to typical low doses.

They found that curcumin, EGCG and I3C inhibited clonogenic growth by 55% to 60% and induced 1.5- to 2-fold higher levels of the basal caspase-3/7 activity. No changes in expression of cell cycle-related proteins or survivin were found; however, I3C reduced epidermal growth factor receptor expression, contributing to apoptosis (appropriate programmed cell death). Because some phytochemicals are shown to inhibit DNA histone modification, modulation of expression by the agents in a set of genes was compared with changes induced by inhibitors of DNA methylation or histone deacetylation. The phytochemicals modified protein and/or RNA expression of these genes, with EGCG eliciting the least and DIM the most changes in gene expression. DIM and curcumin decreased activator levels correlated with increased cell motility. Curcumin, DIM, EGCG, and genistein reduced cell sensitivity to radiation-induced DNA damage without affecting DNA repair.

The researchers concluded that this model has revealed that apoptosis and not arrest is likely to be responsible for growth inhibition. It also implicated new molecular targets and activities of the phytochemicals under conditions relevant to human exposure.

What are these compounds?

Each of these compounds is a phytochemical component of a superfood that has been found to confer great overall health benefits to those who consume it.

DIM and I3C

Diindolylmethane (DIM) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) are components of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage, kale, cauliflower, radish, collard greens, Chinese cabbage, Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, bok choy, turnip greens, rutabaga, arugula, water cress, rapeseeds and mustard seeds.

DIM has been documented as effective against cancer through several actions. It stops tumors from establishing their own blood supply necessary for their continuation of growth. It reduces cancer cell viability and causes cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. DIM down regulates both the ligand and the receptor in breast cancer cells as well as in ovarian cancer cells at the transcriptional level and in an estrogen-independent manner. The potential for chemotaxis and invasion is inhibited by DIM, thereby lowering the invasive and metastatic potential of cancer cells. DIM us able to act independently of Her-2 or estrogen receptor status. It has been shown to be a preventative and/or therapeutic agent in prostate cancer, and is able to induce the release of pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages.

DIM is nature’s hormone modulator. The metabolism and growth promoting activity of estrogen is modified by the intake of milligram amounts of dietary indoles from cruciferous vegetables. DIM is formed from its precursor indole, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), after the enzymatic release of I3C from parent glucosinolates found in these vegetables. DIM is unique among the phytonutrients with regard to its ability to favorably modify estrogen metabolism in the direction of greater 2-hydroxy estrogen production. Improper metabolism of estrogen allows damage to DNA and cancer promotion to take place.

Societies with low consumption of cruciferous vegetables have a high prevalence of estrogen related diseases, particularly breast and prostate cancers. Supplementing with DIM can restore and maintain a favorable estrogen metabolism and greatly lessen the risk for breast and other cancers. Addition of a DIM supplement ensures the hormones used in bioidentical hormone replacement are metabolized down the proper metabolic pathways. DIM has no estrogenic activity. It balances the natural response to estrogen. In dividing cells the growth promoting signal from estrogen is limited by the reduction of the activity level of the estrogen receptor system.

Supplements of I3C are available, but the compound is unstable in the body. I3C is a precursor indole, with little action in the body until it is converted to DIM by stomach acid.

DIM is the better choice for pre and post menopausal women and men interested in supplementing rather that getting these compounds directly from food. Although obtaining nutrients from food is always preferred, the amount of cruciferous vegetables needed to provide the benefits of DIM frequently make supplementation a better choice. Although there are several DIM products available, BioResponse DIM complex, a patented from of DIM offers enhanced bioavailability. DIM-Plus, the version of DIM made by Nature’s Way, contains BioResponse DIM and is an economical choice, offered online at Vitacost.

ECGC

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (ECGC) is a particular type of polyphenol found in green tea, a substance shown to be a cure and preventative for many of the ills of mankind. In addition to being a powerful agent in the prevention and cure of cancer, it is an antioxidant, promoter of glucose tolerance, protector of the liver and detoxification system, and benefactor of the cardiovascular system.

Recent research has documented a 54% reduction in risk of ovarian cancer in women who reported drinking green tea. Another study found green tea to have therapeutic cancer effects through induction of apoptosis in colorectal cancer. It is also one of the few effective treatments for pancreatic cancer. As a preventative for all cancers, ECGC is able to penetrate the body’s cells and shield DNA from the potent free radical hydrogen peroxide.

Green tea also lowers cholesterol levels, and reduces the clotting tendency of blood. It shows promise as a weight-loss aid that can promote the burning of fat and the regulation of insulin levels and blood sugar.

There are many green tea supplements on the market. Some of these contain the whole plant, while others contain extracts. Whole plant supplements are usually preferable because they are backed by the integrity of the whole plant. Many green tea extract supplements are standardized to provide a quantified amount of ECGC.

Curcumin

Curcumin is the active ingredient in the bright yellow spice turmeric. It is one of nature’s most powerful healers, having revealed its wonders over centuries. Numerous studies have shown curcumin to be as potent against inflammation as hydrocortisone, phenylbutazone, and over the counter NSAID drugs like Motrin, without the side effects. Its powerful antioxidant effects make it a popular natural therapeutic agent for diseases such as arthritis, where free radicals cause joint inflammation and damage. Studies have linked frequent use of turmeric to lower rates of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer. It can prevent tumors from forming, and can slow the progression of cancer that is already present. Recent studies have documented that curcumin can slow the spread of breast cancer cells to the lungs. Turmeric acts as a transcription factor, a master switch for gene regulation. When genes are switched off, the growth and invasion of cancer cells is halted.

Curcumin is even being used effectively to treat Alzheimer’s disease due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Alzheimer’s disease is thought to occur when a fragmented protein accumulates in brain cells producing oxidative stress and inflammation, and forming plaque between nerve cells in the brain that disrupt function. Turmeric may prevent the oxidation of cholesterol in the body, thereby preventing damage to blood vessels and causing build up of plaque that can result in heart attack or stroke.

Dried turmeric is widely available. Organically grown turmeric is preferable. Frequently spicing your cooking with turmeric is one option for consuming curcumin. It can be easily mixed with rice, egg salad or into the cottage cheese flax oil mixture that is the basis of the Budwig diet. Turmeric capsules are available. Nature’s Way makes a turmeric capsule that is free of magnesium stearate, but it’s not organic. Organic turmeric can be found in the spice department of health food stores such as Whole Foods, or ordered online in powered or capsule forms. Most naturopaths suggest starting with a dose three times the normal dosage suggested in order to quickly bring inflammation under control. Then proceed with the standard dose to maintain.

Genistein

Genistein is an isoflavone found primarily in soybeans and traditional foods produced from soybeans like tofu and miso. In addition to being an antioxidant, genistein is a phytoestrogen, a plant compound that mimics the actions of estrogen and interacts with estrogen receptor in the human body.

Genistein removes damaging free radicals and reduces lipid peroxidation. By preventing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, genistein helps reduce the risk for arteriosclerosis, and prevents the formation of heart attacks and strokes by acting as an anti-clotting agent. It increases the activity of other antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase. It can also influence the growth of cells that are not hormone-dependent. Genistein inhibits the rate of cell growth through its ability to inhibit tyrosine kinase.

Studies have shown that genistein reduces the risk for the hormone related cancers, breast and prostate, by binding with estrogen receptors, preventing estrogen from binding. Consumption of traditional soybean products in China and Japan is linked with low incidence of these cancers. And since genistein imitates estrogen, it may be protective against osteoporosis. It is frequently used to ease menopause symptoms such as hot flashes.

Before genistein can act, it must be released from its precursor. This normally happens in the stomach and intestine through hydrolysis. Some genistein supplements contain genistein that has been hydrolysed in processing.